Climats et océans
CLIMATE AND THE OCEAN
The ocean regulates the climate by storing heat and CO2 but suffers major effects of climate change (acidification, rising waters, extreme events). 102 ANR projects have led to technological advances in AI modeling and deep sensors, as well as progress in knowledge about marine biodiversity, predictions of algal blooms, and the contribution of rivers (pollutants and carbon). This work supports climate policies (SDGs 13 and 14) and calls for strengthening international and interdisciplinary scientific cooperation to better predict future impacts on the oceans, involving participation in UN working groups such as the IPCC.
Sabrina Speich : ENS PSL Paris and Patrick Monfray : CNRS IPSL
1. Scientific Background
The ocean is a fundamental component of the Earth’s climate system, exerting control over energy balance, atmospheric circulation, and biogeochemical cycles. Covering approximately 71% of the Earth’s surface and storing more than 90% of the excess heat from anthropogenic warming (von Schuckmann et al., 2023; Cheng et al., 2020), the ocean acts as a global heat reservoir that moderates climate variability on seasonal to millennial timescales (Stocker et al., 2013). Ocean circulation, through both wind-driven gyres and the density-driven meridional overturning circulation (MOC), redistributes heat and carbon across latitudes, thereby shaping regional climates and influencing extreme weather patterns (Buckley and Marshall, 2016).
Beyond its role as the major anthropogenic heat sink and distributor, the ocean plays a crucial part in the carbon cycle. It currently absorbs roughly 25% of human-induced CO₂ emissions (Friedlingstein et al., 2024), largely through physical (solubility pump) and biological (biological pump) mechanisms (DeVries et al., 2017). However, this critical buffering capacity is not without consequences, as rising CO₂ levels lead to ocean acidification, with potential disruptions to marine ecosystems and carbonate chemistry (Gattuso and Hansson, 2011). Additionally, deoxygenation and changes in nutrient cycling induced by warming and stratification shifts pose risks to biodiversity and ecosystem services (Bindoff et al., 2019; IPCC, 2021).
Climate change is also driving significant changes in global and regional sea levels, primarily due to ocean thermal expansion and the melting of glaciers and ice sheets (IPCC, 2021). The accelerating mass loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets contributes to both global mean sea level rise and regional variations that disproportionately affect certain coastal regions (Oppenheimer et al., 2019). Meanwhile, extreme ocean events such as marine heatwaves (Frölicher et al., 2018; Capotondi et al., 2025), intensified tropical cyclones (Knutson et al., 2020) and other extreme events are becoming more frequent, with profound implications for ecosystems, human societies, and climate stability (IPCC, 2021).
Despite significant advances in ocean observation, modeling, and theoretical understanding, key uncertainties remain regarding the response of oceanic processes to climate change. Addressing these knowledge gaps is crucial not only for improving climate projections but also for developing informed mitigation and adaptation strategies.
A first major challenge in ocean-climate research lies in understanding ocean circulation and its variability in a warming world. Large-scale currents such as the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) play a critical role in redistributing heat and modulating global climate patterns, yet their stability under anthropogenic forcing remains uncertain (Weijer et al., 2019). The slowdown of the AMOC, if confirmed, could trigger profound climate shifts, particularly in Europe and North America. At finer scales, the role of mesoscale and submesoscale processes in controlling heat and carbon transport remains insufficiently constrained (McWilliams, 2016), requiring further observational and modeling efforts to improve climate predictions.
Another fundamental issue concerns the ocean’s role in carbon sequestration and its evolving efficiency in response to global change. Warming and increasing stratification are altering the vertical transport of carbon and nutrients, with potential repercussions for biological productivity and CO₂ uptake (De Vries et al., 2023; Landschützer et al., 2016). The interplay between ocean acidification, deoxygenation, and ecosystem shifts (Boyd et al., 2019) raises concerns about the resilience of marine food webs and the sustainability of fisheries, which are already experiencing climate-induced redistribution (Cheung et al., 2010). Additionally, uncertainties remain regarding feedbacks between ocean biogeochemistry and atmospheric CO₂ levels, particularly under future emission scenarios (Riebesell and Gattuso, 2015).
Changes in sea level and cryosphere-ocean interactions constitute another major research priority, with direct implications for coastal populations. Improving projections of ice sheet melting and its contribution to sea level rise is essential for assessing future coastal risks (Pritchard et al., 2012). Regional variations in sea level, influenced by ocean dynamics, gravitational effects, and land subsidence, complicate risk assessments and demand a more refined understanding of local-scale processes (Slangen et al., 2014). Additionally, the increasing occurrence of compound flooding events, where storm surges coincide with rising baseline sea levels, poses new challenges for coastal resilience planning (Kopp et al., 2017).
The intensification of extreme events linked to oceanic changes is also an area of growing concern. Marine heatwaves, characterized by prolonged periods of anomalously high sea surface temperatures, have devastating effects on marine ecosystems, including coral bleaching, shifts in species distributions, and disruptions to fisheries (Oliver et al., 2019). Understanding the drivers of these events and their interactions with atmospheric circulation patterns is crucial for improving predictability and mitigation strategies. Moreover, changes in ocean stratification and heat uptake influence tropical cyclone intensity, with evidence suggesting that warmer ocean conditions contribute to stronger and more destructive storms (Bhatia et al., 2019).
To address these challenges, advancements in ocean observation and modeling capabilities are critical. Expanding global ocean monitoring networks, such as Argo and Biogeochemical-Argo (Roemmich et al., 2019), will provide essential data for tracking long-term trends in ocean temperature, salinity, and biogeochemical properties. Integrating these observations into coupled Earth system models will enhance climate projections, while improved data assimilation techniques will refine our ability to reconstruct ocean state variability (Brassington et al., 2015). Recent developments in artificial intelligence and machine learning also hold promise for optimizing model parameterization and reducing uncertainties in ocean-climate interactions (Reichstein et al., 2019).
Beyond the physical and biogeochemical dimensions, understanding the socio-economic and ecological impacts of ocean change is equally imperative. Climate-driven shifts in fishery distributions are already affecting food security and livelihoods, particularly in developing nations dependent on marine resources (Cheung et al., 2010). Conservation strategies must adapt to these shifts, integrating dynamic marine protected areas and ecosystem-based management approaches to safeguard biodiversity under changing environmental conditions (Lubchenco and Gaines, 2019). Additionally, the socio-economic consequences of sea level rise, including infrastructure losses, migration, and geopolitical tensions, require urgent interdisciplinary research to develop sustainable adaptation policies (Hauer et al., 2020).
The ocean is both a driver and a responder to climate change, regulating the Earth's energy balance, carbon cycle, and extreme events. However, the accelerating pace of anthropogenic perturbations introduces new uncertainties and challenges that demand urgent scientific attention. By advancing observational capabilities, refining numerical models, and fostering interdisciplinary collaboration, the scientific community can improve climate predictions and inform policy decisions for sustainable ocean and climate management. The integration of physical, biogeochemical, and socio-economic research will be crucial in addressing the complex and interlinked challenges posed by a changing ocean.
Anthropogenic activities affect not only the physical conditions of the oceans (temperature, salinity, sea-ice, currents, sea level, etc…) but the whole biological system, from the cycling of carbon and nutrients to marine diversity and resources. It is due not only to climate change driven by greenhouse gases but also to the increased flow of material bring by rivers or atmospheric deposition. Beyond providing marine resources and biodiversity, oceans regulate climate by absorbing heat and excess greenhouse gases (one third of anthropogenic CO2 emissions).
In the last 20 years, main advancements had been made by using new observing system as automatic buoys, gliders, towed and in-situ sensors, genetic speciation on-board or in-lab, extended assimilation of physical, geochemical and chlorophyll data into process-based models. These latter now couple ocean physics to carbon cycle, acidification, oxygen and trophic levels and allow from coast to deep ocean i) reconstruction over the last century, ii) real time analysis and forecast, iii) investigation of different impact scenarios of anthropogenic activities.
Recognizing these gaps and challenges, the French Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) has funded a range of research projects aimed at advancing knowledge of ocean-climate interactions. These projects have leveraged interdisciplinary approaches, combining observational campaigns, high-resolution modeling, and theoretical developments to improve predictions of climate variability and assess the long-term impacts of anthropogenic forcing on oceanic and atmospheric processes. By fostering collaboration between national and international research teams, ANR-funded projects have made significant contributions to understanding the role of the ocean in climate regulation, the mechanisms driving extreme events, and the socio-economic implications of ocean-climate change. The results from these projects provide crucial insights for climate mitigation and adaptation strategies, contributing to the development of policy-relevant climate services.
2. Main Contributions of the French Communities through ANR (co)funding
2.1 Scientific Progress: Cutting-edge Science
Understanding Climate Change: Past, Present, and Future
Reconstructing past climate variability provides a crucial benchmark for improving future climate projections. Ice-core records and marine sediment analyses have revealed long-term climate cycles and abrupt transitions that shaped Earth's climate history. By integrating paleoclimatic data with numerical simulations, researchers have refined estimates of climate sensitivity, identifying thresholds beyond which irreversible changes occur. Notably, investigations of past high-CO₂ periods have confirmed the presence of significant polar amplification, a phenomenon that has direct implications for modern and future climate scenarios (PICC).
The reconstruction of past monsoon variability has provided new insights into the interactions between atmospheric circulation and oceanic conditions over long timescales. Sedimentary records from the Bay of Bengal have demonstrated that Indian monsoon strength fluctuates in response to orbital forcing, volcanic activity, and greenhouse gas concentrations. This research has deepened our understanding of how the monsoon system reacts to past warming events and has implications for predicting monsoonal behavior under continued anthropogenic influence (MONOPOL).
Decadal to centennial-scale climate variability is driven by complex interactions between oceanic and atmospheric processes. Long-term climate reconstructions have highlighted the role of ocean circulation, particularly the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), in modulating past climate fluctuations. By disentangling internal climate oscillations from externally forced trends, researchers have improved attribution studies, which are key to distinguishing human-induced climate change from natural variability (MORDICUS).
High-latitude climate reconstructions have confirmed the strong coupling between atmospheric and oceanic processes in shaping regional and global climate states. Ice-core analyses and historical climate records from Greenland indicate that Arctic climate sensitivity is closely linked to shifts in atmospheric circulation patterns. Past warming episodes in the Arctic have been associated with significant ice sheet retreat and rising sea levels, underscoring the region’s vulnerability to climate change. Furthermore, reconstructions of volcanic activity have shown that eruptions play a significant role in short-term climate perturbations, influencing atmospheric circulation over multiple decades (GREENLAND).
Understanding the interplay between ocean-atmosphere variability and climate extremes has been advanced through studies of past El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) dynamics. Observations and modeling efforts have shown that short-term atmospheric fluctuations, such as wind bursts, can have a disproportionate influence on the formation of El Niño events. These results challenge previous assumptions about ENSO predictability and emphasize the importance of high-resolution modeling in climate forecasting (METRO).
Detailed sedimentary archives have been essential in reconstructing past changes in ocean circulation and their impact on global climate. Marine records have confirmed that past weakening of the AMOC was linked to major climatic disruptions, including cooling episodes in the North Atlantic and changes in precipitation patterns in the tropics. These findings contribute to ongoing discussions about the stability of the AMOC in response to present-day warming and its potential tipping points (ARCHANGE).
Advancements in paleoclimate coring techniques have also played a critical role in refining past climate reconstructions. The development of high-resolution coring methods has enabled the extraction of continuous sediment records that provide unparalleled insights into past oceanic and atmospheric conditions. These advances have facilitated the reconstruction of multi-millennial climate variations and have been instrumental in improving the calibration of climate models (CLIMCOR).
The collective results of these research efforts underscore the importance of integrating paleoclimate data into climate projections. By leveraging long-term records of climate variability, researchers have improved constraints on future climate evolution and provided essential benchmarks for assessing the magnitude and pace of anthropogenic climate change.
Ocean Dynamics
Ocean circulation is a fundamental component of the Earth's climate system, regulating heat transport, nutrient distribution, and carbon sequestration. Recent research has significantly improved our understanding of the interactions between large-scale ocean currents, mesoscale eddies, and atmosphere-ocean exchanges. The influence of mesoscale eddies in redistributing ocean heat and modulating the global energy balance has been increasingly recognized, leading to the development of high-resolution numerical models that better capture these fine-scale processes. By refining eddy parameterizations in climate models, researchers have been able to enhance the representation of energy transfer across different oceanic scales, improving long-term climate projections (RETRO).
The role of tropical cyclones in driving ocean-atmosphere interactions has been extensively examined, with studies highlighting their capacity to induce deep ocean mixing and facilitate heat redistribution. By analyzing cyclone-induced heat flux anomalies, researchers have identified how these extreme weather events contribute to upper ocean warming, altering thermocline stability and regional climate dynamics. These findings have improved our capacity to simulate the influence of cyclonic activity on climate variability and provided key insights into future cyclone behavior under a warming climate (TROCODYN).
Advancements in the representation of oceanic turbulence have led to significant improvements in climate model accuracy. Research has revealed that unresolved sub-mesoscale turbulence plays a crucial role in ocean heat uptake and transport, necessitating the development of refined turbulence parameterizations. The inclusion of more sophisticated mixing schemes has enabled better simulations of oceanic vertical structure, reducing biases in sea surface temperature predictions and improving the reliability of climate projections (CONTACTS).
Ocean variability on interannual to decadal timescales is strongly influenced by large-scale circulation patterns, such as the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). Studies have confirmed that variations in AMOC strength are linked to significant climatic shifts, including abrupt temperature changes in the North Atlantic and disruptions in tropical precipitation patterns. Research efforts have focused on quantifying AMOC’s response to external forcing and internal variability, contributing to a better understanding of its potential weakening in response to anthropogenic climate change (SouthernCross).
Ocean-Land Interactions, Including River Deltas
Coastal and riverine systems are highly dynamic environments shaped by both natural processes and human activities. Research has advanced our understanding of how climate change influences sea-level rise, sediment transport, and deltaic stability, with particular focus on the resilience of coastal infrastructures. Studies have examined the effectiveness of dike systems and nature-based solutions in mitigating flood risks, balancing engineering solutions with ecological restoration to enhance long-term coastal protection. These efforts have provided key recommendations for sustainable adaptation strategies that integrate environmental, economic, and social considerations (DIGUES).
Climate-induced migration from deltaic regions has been extensively analyzed, revealing complex socio-environmental feedbacks that influence population displacement and urban adaptation. Investigations into the long-term evolution of delta systems have shown how sedimentary changes, driven by both natural and anthropogenic factors, shape coastal habitability. Historical records and geological reconstructions have provided crucial insights into past adaptation strategies, informing contemporary policies for climate-resilient urban development (MOVINDELTAS).
Studies of past coastal landscapes have further enriched our understanding of how environmental changes have shaped human settlements over time. By integrating archaeological, sedimentological, and climate data, researchers have reconstructed historical shoreline dynamics, highlighting the role of climate variability in shaping coastal communities. These interdisciplinary approaches have provided essential context for present-day challenges in managing fragile coastal environments (ARMILIT, PALEOMED).
Extreme Events
The increasing frequency and intensity of extreme weather events present a critical challenge in climate research, necessitating improved prediction and risk assessment methods. Advances in high-resolution modeling have refined our ability to simulate hurricanes, heatwaves, and heavy precipitation, enabling a more accurate understanding of their underlying drivers. Studies have revealed key feedback mechanisms that regulate extreme event severity, particularly interactions between ocean heat content, atmospheric moisture fluxes, and large-scale circulation patterns. These insights have provided crucial data for improving forecast models and developing adaptation strategies for regions prone to extreme climate events (REMEMBER).
In the Mediterranean, a region particularly sensitive to climate variability, refined projections of extreme hydrometeorological events have strengthened our capacity to anticipate flash floods, prolonged droughts, and temperature extremes. Research has emphasized the importance of fine-scale atmospheric processes and land-sea interactions in modulating these events, leading to enhanced early warning systems and risk management strategies. By incorporating observational data and numerical simulations, studies have improved our ability to assess how regional climate extremes may evolve under future warming scenarios (IODA-MED).
Tropical cyclone variability has been a focal point of research, as these systems play a crucial role in global heat redistribution and are expected to intensify in a warming climate. Investigations into the influence of oceanic conditions on cyclone development have demonstrated that rising sea surface temperatures and altered wind shear patterns significantly impact cyclone intensity and trajectories. Research has also explored how cyclone-induced ocean mixing affects regional heat budgets, providing new insights into feedback loops between extreme weather events and long-term climate dynamics (TROCODYN).
Improved observational and modeling techniques have allowed for a more comprehensive understanding of the compound effects of extreme events, particularly when multiple hazards interact. Studies have examined how sequential or simultaneous climate extremes—such as successive storms or concurrent heatwaves and droughts—compound societal and ecological vulnerabilities. These findings have informed policy recommendations for integrated risk management, emphasizing the necessity of multi-hazard early warning systems and cross-sectoral adaptation planning (REMEMBER).
These progresses in extreme event research have provided critical knowledge for mitigating climate-related disasters. By refining predictive capabilities, enhancing impact assessments, and developing early warning frameworks, scientists have contributed to more resilient climate adaptation strategies, particularly for communities facing increasing exposure to extreme weather hazards.
Observing Techniques
The evolution of observational techniques has fundamentally transformed our ability to monitor ocean-climate interactions and improve long-term climate predictions. High-precision ice-core drilling has enabled more detailed reconstructions of past climate variability, offering valuable insights into atmospheric composition, temperature fluctuations, and ocean-atmosphere feedbacks over millennia. By refining extraction methods and analytical procedures, researchers have produced high-resolution paleoclimate records that provide critical benchmarks for evaluating climate models and understanding long-term climate trends (SUBGLACIOR).
Satellite remote sensing and in situ ocean monitoring have significantly improved our capacity to observe sea surface temperatures, salinity gradients, and ice-sheet dynamics in real time. Advanced oceanographic sensors deployed on autonomous platforms have allowed for the continuous collection of oceanic and atmospheric data, enhancing our ability to monitor large-scale climate variability. These advancements have also led to improvements in data assimilation techniques, strengthening the accuracy of climate models and their ability to capture transient climate events (IODA-MED).
Seismic wave analysis has been adapted to study Arctic ice structures, providing new methodologies for assessing ice thickness variability and stability under changing climatic conditions. By using seismic imaging to investigate subglacial environments and sea ice dynamics, researchers have developed innovative approaches to track ice mass changes and their contributions to sea-level rise. These efforts have provided a more refined understanding of how polar ice sheets respond to oceanic and atmospheric warming, with direct implications for future climate projections (WaveSIMM).
The integration of real-time ocean-atmosphere datasets into climate forecasting models has significantly enhanced the predictability of extreme weather events, particularly in coastal regions vulnerable to rising sea levels and increasing storm intensity. By combining high-resolution observational data with advanced numerical simulations, scientists have improved early warning systems for extreme weather phenomena such as tropical cyclones, marine heatwaves, and storm surges. These advancements have been instrumental in strengthening disaster preparedness and informing climate adaptation strategies at regional and global scales (CLIMCOR).
These innovations in observational methodologies have expanded our capacity to understand, monitor, and predict ocean-climate dynamics. By integrating multi-scale observational data with state-of-the-art climate modeling approaches, researchers have enhanced the robustness of climate projections, ensuring that decision-makers have the necessary information to develop science-based policies for mitigating and adapting to climate change.
Numerical Techniques, Modeling, and Forecasting Approaches
Advancements in numerical modeling have been central to improving climate projections, enhancing the representation of oceanic and atmospheric processes across multiple spatial and temporal scales. The development of ensemble-based data assimilation techniques has improved the initialization of climate models, reducing forecast uncertainties and increasing the reliability of long-term climate simulations. By incorporating diverse observational datasets, including satellite data and in situ measurements, these methods have refined predictions of ocean circulation, temperature variability, and extreme weather occurrences (PREVASSEMBLE).
Refinements in turbulence parameterization have addressed persistent challenges in climate modeling, particularly in the representation of ocean mixing processes. Traditional models have struggled to capture the full complexity of small-scale turbulence, which plays a critical role in oceanic heat and carbon transport. Recent efforts have focused on integrating improved turbulence closure schemes into climate models, leading to enhanced accuracy in sea surface temperature predictions and better representation of subsurface ocean dynamics (CONTACTS).
The predictability of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) has been a key area of investigation, given its pivotal role in regulating global climate. Research has provided new insights into AMOC variability, exploring its sensitivity to anthropogenic forcing and internal climate oscillations. Model simulations have revealed the potential weakening of AMOC under continued warming scenarios, with implications for regional and global climate patterns. These studies have contributed to a more nuanced understanding of how AMOC interacts with atmospheric dynamics and ocean heat transport, improving long-term climate projections (ARCHANGE).
Beyond physical climate modeling, innovative climate risk assessment frameworks have been developed to evaluate the socio-economic impacts of climate change. By integrating climate projections with economic and infrastructural data, researchers have created decision-support tools that aid policymakers in designing effective adaptation and mitigation strategies. These frameworks have been particularly instrumental in assessing risks associated with extreme weather events, sea-level rise, and coastal vulnerability, providing actionable insights for urban planning and infrastructure resilience (RISCCi).
Collectively, these advances in numerical modeling and forecasting have significantly improved our ability to predict climate variability and assess future climate risks. By refining model parameterizations, enhancing data assimilation techniques, and developing interdisciplinary risk assessment tools, researchers have strengthened the scientific foundation for informed policy-making in the face of a changing climate.
Regional Focus on the Arctic and Mediterranean Sea
The Arctic and Mediterranean regions have been identified as climate change hotspots due to their heightened sensitivity to warming trends and environmental changes. In the Mediterranean, research has focused on hydro-climatic variability, ecosystem resilience, and socio-economic adaptation strategies. Studies have examined shifting precipitation patterns, land degradation, and the impact of warming on ocean circulation within this semi-enclosed sea. By integrating climate models with observational data, researchers have improved projections of Mediterranean climate shifts, providing critical insights for water resource management, biodiversity conservation, and urban resilience planning (OTMed).
In the Arctic, accelerating ice loss and shifts in oceanic circulation have prompted extensive investigations into ice-ocean interactions and their broader implications for global climate feedbacks. Observational campaigns have tracked sea ice retreat, permafrost thaw, and freshwater fluxes, offering a detailed assessment of how Arctic changes influence atmospheric and oceanic circulation patterns. These studies have underscored the role of Arctic processes in modulating hemispheric weather patterns and have contributed to improved representations of polar dynamics in Earth system models (ARCHANGE).
High-resolution modeling and field-based research have played a pivotal role in refining climate projections for both regions. By leveraging advanced computational techniques, scientists have been able to simulate complex interactions between oceanic and atmospheric processes, improving long-term climate predictions. These efforts have not only enhanced scientific understanding of regional climate variability but have also informed policy decisions aimed at mitigating the risks associated with climate change in vulnerable coastal and polar environments (TESS).
Continued monitoring and interdisciplinary modeling approaches are essential for advancing climate research in these regions. By integrating physical, biological, and socio-economic perspectives, researchers are improving our capacity to anticipate climate-induced changes and develop adaptive strategies for communities dependent on Mediterranean and Arctic ecosystems. Strengthening international collaborations and expanding observational networks will be crucial for refining climate models and addressing the evolving challenges posed by climate change in these two highly sensitive regions (ISBlue).
Triple point “climate/biogeochemistry/biodiversity”
In the oceans, it is crucial to understand the biogeochemical processes linking physics to biodiversity, and their role for a better conservation and sustainably use of the oceans, seas and marine resources (SDG14) or for a long-term uptake of atmospheric CO2 excess (SDG13). Here, selected advancements by ANR projects are presented from coastal to remote areas and the global ocean.
Oceans are highly impacted by changing river discharges, bringing continental sediment, carbon, nutrients and pollutants. Heterogeneous processes in space and time were captured with new observing systems from satellite observation of dissolved organic matter (GLOBCOAST1), to particulate organic matter consumption in shallow sediment using in-situ oxygen sensors off Rhone (CHACCRA2) or at very deep depth using ROVs off Congo (CONGOLOBE3).
In a changing climate with higher temperature and acidification, it was shown a poleward transient of species as phytoplankton calcifier as Emiliana Huxleyi (CALHIS4) in competition with silicifier as diatoms (PHYTOMET5) to sequester carbon. Sensitivity to micronutrients is also a key process find not limited to iron availability but to interaction with copper (PHYTOMET6, ICOP7). Furthermore, the production of DMS and DMSP, precursors of aerosols and cloud condensation nuclei, due to combined macro- and micro-nutrient stresses had been simulated for first time at global level (ICOP8).
In polar and sub-polar areas, using ships, automatic buoys or elephant seal sensors, advancements highlight the specific interaction between ocean circulation and sea-ice condition, biological pump and nutrient fluxes (EXCITING9, SOBUMS10). Studies cover from Arctic Ocean, where a large diversity of photoheterotrophic bacteria was discovered (RHOMEO11), to Austral Ocean showing how the Kerguelen plateau and subsequent transport by eddies drives iron use and recycling by biology in summertime (EXCITING12).
In remote areas as South West Pacific where waters are poor in nutrients, a detailed analysis was made on diazotrophic species (UCYN-A, UCYN-B), that fix atmospheric nitrogen gas and use atmospheric deposition allowing to support significant productivity off Fidji and Caledonia (OUTPACE).
Using state of the art model for global ocean circulation, biogeochemistry and planktons, sensitivity studies to global warming show significant impacts on both biodiversity and capacity of oceans to uptake the excess CO2, from diurnal amplitude to seasonal cycle and long-term trends (SOBUMS13,14).
2.2 Innovation for Enterprises, Science Policy, and Citizens
Scientific advancements in ocean-climate research have led to the development of technological innovations with direct applications in industry, policymaking, and societal resilience. The commercialization of advanced environmental monitoring tools has provided industries with new capabilities for assessing oceanic and atmospheric changes, particularly for sectors dependent on marine resources and weather-sensitive operations. These technologies have improved oceanographic data collection, real-time forecasting, and climate-informed decision-making in various economic sectors, including shipping, fisheries, and renewable energy production (SUBGLACIOR).
The enhancement of climate services has played a pivotal role in translating scientific research into actionable insights for policymakers. By integrating observational data and numerical modeling, researchers have developed tailored climate information systems that support adaptation planning at regional and national scales. These services have been instrumental in informing policy frameworks related to coastal protection, water resource management, and disaster preparedness, particularly in vulnerable regions such as the Mediterranean and Arctic (ISBlue).
Advances in climate risk assessment have strengthened infrastructure resilience strategies, particularly for urban areas exposed to rising sea levels and extreme weather events. The integration of climate projections into urban planning processes has facilitated the design of adaptive infrastructure capable of withstanding climate-induced hazards. These efforts have provided city planners and decision-makers with critical information for implementing sustainable adaptation measures, reducing economic and social vulnerabilities to climate change (IPSL-CGS).
Improved forecasting capabilities have enhanced disaster preparedness, enabling more effective responses to extreme weather events. The development of real-time monitoring systems and early warning frameworks has been crucial in mitigating the impacts of hurricanes, storm surges, and heatwaves. These tools have been particularly valuable for emergency response agencies, ensuring that communities are better equipped to handle climate-related risks (RISCCi).
Furthermore, Arctic monitoring initiatives have provided essential data for maritime operations and climate negotiations. Enhanced observational networks in polar regions have improved the understanding of sea ice variability, facilitating safer navigation in Arctic waters and contributing to global climate agreements aimed at mitigating the effects of climate change. The integration of these data into climate models has also refined projections of ice melt and its implications for global sea-level rise (WaveSIMM).
These innovations in environmental monitoring, climate services, and risk assessment have translated scientific advancements into practical applications that benefit industries, policymakers, and society at large. By fostering interdisciplinary collaboration and expanding the reach of climate research, these efforts continue to drive meaningful progress in climate adaptation and resilience planning.
Human habitat and health are impacted by changes in coastal biogeochemistry and biodiversity, affecting water, air or food quality.
Investigation on harmful algae blooms (HAB) of Ostreopsis spp. shows the biotic relationships with their environment, opening ways to monitor and prevent direct impacts on humans (OCEAN-1515).
On vulnerability of shellfish farmers to HAB events, an optimal matching analysis of closure decrees were made by linking to ecological HAB knowledge (CoCliME16), opening ways for economic optimization.
Using Thau Lagoon as a global warming experiment, it was demonstrated that exceptional warm year would have a strong impact on composition, succession, and association of microbial communities (Photo-Phyto)
2.3 Links to Human Societies
The integration of ocean-climate research with societal needs has expanded our understanding of how environmental changes impact communities and governance structures. Climate-driven migration has been a growing concern, particularly in deltaic and low-lying coastal regions where rising sea levels and increased storm surges threaten livelihoods. Studies have investigated the interplay between environmental degradation, socio-economic factors, and displacement trends, providing a foundation for policy frameworks that support affected populations. These efforts have facilitated the development of adaptation strategies that incorporate both physical resilience, such as improved flood protection infrastructure, and social resilience, including economic diversification and relocation planning (MOVINDELTAS).
Coastal protection has been a key focus of research, aiming to balance engineering solutions with ecological sustainability. Investigations into the effectiveness of dikes, natural buffers, and hybrid infrastructure approaches have provided new perspectives on how to manage coastal risks in the face of increasing climate extremes. By assessing long-term shoreline evolution and the impact of human interventions, researchers have offered valuable insights into designing adaptive coastal management strategies that maintain both environmental integrity and economic viability (DIGUES).
Historical analyses of environmental changes have played a crucial role in understanding long-term patterns of human adaptation to shifting climatic conditions. Through interdisciplinary research integrating geological, archaeological, and historical records, scientists have reconstructed past coastal settlements, resource use, and disaster response strategies. These studies have highlighted the resilience and vulnerability of past societies, offering lessons applicable to contemporary climate adaptation efforts. Understanding how historical communities navigated climate variability informs present-day decision-making for managing risks associated with rising sea levels and changing weather patterns (ARMILIT).
The inclusion of socio-economic considerations in climate research has fostered interdisciplinary approaches that address sustainability and resilience-building. By engaging with local stakeholders, researchers have facilitated knowledge exchange between scientific communities and policy practitioners, ensuring that adaptation strategies are both effective and culturally appropriate. This approach has been particularly valuable in regions like the Mediterranean, where climate change intersects with complex socio-political and economic challenges. Efforts to integrate environmental justice, resource equity, and participatory governance into climate adaptation have strengthened the ability of local communities to navigate climate risks in an inclusive and sustainable manner (OTMed).
Collectively, these advances in understanding the links between ocean-climate dynamics and human societies have provided a scientific basis for informed policy and community-based adaptation strategies. By incorporating historical, economic, and governance perspectives, research efforts continue to bridge the gap between scientific knowledge and practical applications for addressing climate challenges in vulnerable regions.
2.4 Methodological Breakthroughs
Innovative methodologies have played a crucial role in advancing ocean-climate research, enhancing our ability to reconstruct past climates, predict future changes, and refine climate models. High-resolution paleoclimate reconstructions have enabled scientists to capture finer details of past environmental variability, improving our understanding of the drivers of long-term climate change. By integrating high-precision ice-core drilling techniques and novel geochemical analysis methods, researchers have been able to extract more accurate climate signals from natural archives, offering refined insights into past temperature fluctuations and atmospheric composition changes (CLIMCOR).
The evolution of ensemble forecasting techniques has significantly improved predictive capabilities, allowing for better representation of uncertainty in climate projections. By using multiple model runs with varied initial conditions, scientists have enhanced the reliability of long-term forecasts, particularly for complex climate processes such as ocean circulation patterns and atmospheric teleconnections. This methodological advancement has strengthened climate risk assessments and informed decision-making for adaptation strategies in climate-sensitive regions (PREVASSEMBLE).
The refinement of data assimilation methods has led to substantial improvements in climate model accuracy, bridging the gap between observational data and numerical simulations. Advanced assimilation algorithms now integrate real-time observations from satellites, oceanographic buoys, and atmospheric monitoring systems into models, reducing errors in long-term climate projections. These improvements have been instrumental in refining estimates of ocean heat uptake, sea-level rise projections, and extreme weather event predictions, contributing to better-informed climate policies (IODA-MED).
New observational technologies have expanded our ability to monitor ocean-atmosphere interactions in greater detail, providing critical data for refining climate models and informing policy decisions. Advances in underwater and atmospheric sensing have facilitated continuous real-time monitoring of key climate variables such as oceanic CO₂ uptake, sea surface temperature variability, and atmospheric water vapor content. The integration of these novel observation techniques into climate research has not only improved climate model calibration but has also strengthened early warning systems for climate-related disasters (SUBGLACIOR).
Additionally, improvements in high-resolution modeling of tropical cyclone dynamics have enhanced our understanding of how extreme weather events interact with oceanic processes. Refined numerical simulations of cyclone-ocean interactions have provided new insights into how storms contribute to ocean heat distribution and how they may intensify in a warming climate. These methodological advancements have led to more accurate projections of cyclone intensity and trajectory, which are crucial for disaster preparedness and risk mitigation efforts in vulnerable coastal areas (TROCODYN).
Together, these methodological breakthroughs have strengthened the scientific foundation of ocean-climate research, enabling more precise reconstructions of past climate, improved climate predictions, and enhanced observational capabilities. By integrating high-resolution observations, advanced modeling techniques, and innovative forecasting approaches, researchers continue to refine our understanding of ocean-climate interactions and provide valuable insights for climate adaptation and mitigation efforts.
Methodological breakthrough in “climate/biogeochemistry/biodiversity” includes :
Method for analysing sedimentary samples with automatic recognition of nanofossils (patent WO/2015/132531)
PRO2FLUX – A software program for profile quantification and diffusive O2 flux calculations (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2009.10.015)
Efficient, fast and inexpensive bioassay to monitor benthic microalgae toxicity: Application to Ostreopsis species (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105485)
3 Research Perspectives
3.1 Scientific Barriers and Gaps
Major challenges remain to estimate the reduced capacity of the oceans to uptake excess CO2 under an on-going global warming overshoot, i.e. beyond 1.5-2°C (PRATO17). Despite the reasonable simulation of surface ocean pCO2 by the global ocean biogeochemical models (GOBMs), there are still strong discrepancies at regional and seasonal level. Main uncertainties are related to the weak constrain of the Southern Ocean by observations (SOBUMS18), as well as in coastal areas impacted by direct sea use and by changing input from rivers (COCAS).
Better representation of marine biodiversity driven by micro-nutrients (ICOP19, ISBLEU and LABEX-MER20,21) into models should benefit on trait-based functional diversity (EFFICACY22) as well as from advanced satellite using sea surface hue. Significant progress is needed also on changing ecosystem habitat, since coastal areas impacted directly by anthropogenic activities (e.g. Posidonia in Mediterranean Sea, OTMED23) to open ocean where a poleward shift happens due to global warming (TULIP24).
Finally, as for climate physics, it is expected significant progress on coupling physics, biogeochemistry and biodiversity with massive data assimilation using artificial intelligence (MEDIATION) at fine space and time resolution (BIOSWOT), if learning datasets are qualified and results evaluated.
Despite considerable advances in ocean-climate research, significant challenges persist, limiting our ability to fully characterize the ocean’s role in the climate system and predict its future evolution. One of the most pressing issues concerns the representation of fine-scale ocean dynamics, particularly sub-mesoscale turbulence and internal wave-driven mixing, which govern critical processes such as heat transport, stratification, and carbon sequestration. These small-scale features, though ubiquitous in the ocean, are often unresolved or poorly parameterized in climate models due to computational constraints. Their influence on large-scale circulation, air-sea exchanges, and biogeochemical fluxes remains an area of active investigation. The integration of high-resolution numerical modeling with novel parameterization schemes is imperative to bridge this gap and improve projections of ocean-atmosphere interactions.
Extreme weather events, particularly tropical cyclones and marine heatwaves, underscore another crucial area of uncertainty. The exchange of heat and moisture between the ocean and atmosphere is fundamental to storm intensification and precipitation extremes, yet the complexity of these interactions remains difficult to quantify. The role of ocean heat content in modulating cyclone intensity, the feedbacks between upper-ocean mixing and storm dynamics, and the compounding effects of marine heatwaves on atmospheric circulation all require deeper exploration. The limited temporal and spatial resolution of current observational networks, particularly in high-impact regions, further hinders progress in this domain.
Anthropogenic forcing is also driving fundamental shifts in ocean biogeochemistry, yet the full extent of these changes and their feedbacks on climate remain poorly constrained. The ocean's capacity to act as a carbon sink is being altered by rising temperatures, changes in overturning circulation, and biological responses to acidification and deoxygenation. While global trends indicate a continued uptake of anthropogenic CO₂ by the ocean, regional variations and long-term buffering capacity remain uncertain. The interplay between physical and biological carbon sequestration mechanisms, particularly in high-latitude and deep-ocean environments, needs to be more thoroughly investigated. Additionally, expanding oxygen minimum zones and disruptions to nutrient cycling threaten the stability of marine ecosystems, with cascading effects on productivity and food security.
Bridging the temporal divide between past climate reconstructions and future projections remains another fundamental challenge. Paleoclimate records provide invaluable insights into natural climate variability, past warm periods, and abrupt shifts in ocean circulation. However, the translation of these records into predictive frameworks is constrained by uncertainties in proxy reconstructions, spatial coverage limitations, and disparities between past and present boundary conditions. Further methodological advancements are needed to improve the integration of paleo-data into Earth system models, thereby refining our understanding of climate sensitivity and potential tipping points.
3.2 Innovation Needs
Addressing these challenges requires a paradigm shift in ocean-climate research, driven by interdisciplinary integration, technological innovation, and enhanced international collaboration. A central priority is the development of coupled observational and modeling frameworks that merge satellite remote sensing, in situ measurements, and high-resolution simulations. While satellite missions provide global coverage of sea surface temperature, salinity, and ocean color, their limited depth penetration necessitates complementary in situ observations, particularly for understanding processes occurring beneath the ocean surface and at the air-sea interface.
Innovation in in-situ ocean observations is particularly critical for improving the representation of fine-scale dynamics and ocean-atmosphere coupling in climate models. The deployment of next-generation autonomous observing platforms capable of operating in extreme and remote environments will revolutionize ocean monitoring. The expansion of Biogeochemical-Argo (BGC-Argo) floats provides an unprecedented opportunity to track oceanic carbon uptake, oxygen dynamics, and nutrient cycling in near-real time. Extending these networks to abyssal depths through deep Argo floats and enhancing under-ice observations with autonomous gliders will improve our understanding of deep-ocean processes and ice-ocean interactions, key drivers of sea level rise and heat redistribution.
At the air-sea interface, the development of uncrewed surface vehicles (USVs) is transforming our ability to capture high-resolution fluxes of heat, momentum, and gas exchange. These platforms allow for continuous measurements over large spatial scales and provide critical insights into processes driving ocean-atmosphere feedbacks, particularly during extreme weather events such as hurricanes and atmospheric rivers. In tandem, drifting buoys and moored observatories equipped with advanced turbulence sensors and eddy-covariance flux instruments are enabling direct measurements of near-surface mixing, wave-driven momentum transfer, and aerosol interactions, all of which are essential for refining climate model parameterizations. Complementing these efforts, high-altitude drones and hyperspectral UAVs can be deployed to capture detailed observations of wave breaking, sea spray dynamics, and atmospheric boundary layer evolution.
Further innovation is needed in sensor development to enhance the precision, sensitivity, and longevity of oceanographic measurements, particularly in extreme environments. Miniaturized, low-power sensors capable of measuring biogeochemical variables such as pH, dissolved oxygen, and carbon fluxes at high spatial and temporal resolution will be essential for improving our understanding of ocean feedback mechanisms. Advances in microsensor technologies, bio-optical sensors, and passive acoustic monitoring will enable new insights into biological productivity, ocean mixing, and marine ecosystem responses to climate change. Furthermore, the integration of self-calibrating and energy-efficient sensor networks will enhance long-term ocean monitoring by reducing maintenance costs and improving data quality over extended deployment periods.
The development of low-cost, scalable observing platforms will also be critical for expanding global ocean monitoring capacity, particularly in under-sampled regions such as the Southern Ocean and the deep tropics. Novel designs for cost-effective drifters, expendable probes, and lightweight autonomous vehicles can facilitate the deployment of large-scale sensor networks while maintaining affordability and accessibility for research institutions in developing nations. Open-source hardware and collaborative engineering approaches will further accelerate innovation in low-cost ocean observation technologies, making high-resolution climate data more widely available for scientific and policy applications.
Beyond fundamental research, strengthening the interface between scientific advancements and applied climate services is imperative. More accurate and regionally tailored climate risk assessments will be essential for informing coastal adaptation, disaster mitigation, and policy decision-making. The development of early warning systems for extreme oceanic and atmospheric events—leveraging advancements in artificial intelligence and real-time data assimilation—can provide critical lead time for vulnerable communities. Particular emphasis should be placed on enhancing predictive capacity for compound events, where multiple climate hazards, such as marine heatwaves and intensified storms, interact to amplify risks.
Innovation in climate modeling remains another key area for progress. Future efforts must focus on improving the representation of small-scale processes in global Earth system models while maintaining computational efficiency. This includes advancements in eddy-resolving simulations, stochastic parameterization approaches, and the development of digital twin ocean models that integrate real-time observational data with high-fidelity numerical simulations. Such approaches will enable more accurate projections of sea level rise, ocean circulation shifts, and biogeochemical feedbacks, ultimately reducing uncertainty in long-term climate scenarios.
A global and coordinated research effort is essential to achieve these objectives. Strengthening international scientific collaborations, enhancing data-sharing frameworks, and investing in capacity-building initiatives for developing nations will be crucial for advancing ocean-climate science. The establishment of interdisciplinary research consortia and the expansion of global observational programs, such as the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS), will provide the necessary foundation for addressing the evolving challenges posed by climate change.
By leveraging technological advancements, integrating diverse scientific disciplines, and fostering global cooperation, ocean-climate research can move toward a more comprehensive and predictive understanding of the Earth system. These efforts will not only enhance our ability to anticipate future climate trajectories but also support the development of informed and sustainable strategies for mitigating and adapting to the profound transformations unfolding in the global ocean.
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PICC - Intégration des contraintes Paléoclimatiques pour réduire les Incertitudes sur l'évolution du Climat pendant les périodes Chaudes ANR-05-BLAN-0312 ARMILIT - ARCHÉOLOGIE DES MILIEUX LITTORAUX ENTRE AUDE ET PETIT RHÔNE,DEPUIS LE NÉOLITHIQUE ANR-05-BLAN-0343 CHACCRA - Climate and human - induced alterations in carbon cycling at the river-sea connection ANR-06-VULN-0001 Cyclones&climat - Vulnérability of the Souh Pacific islands to tropical cyclones alteres by ENSO and climates change ANR-06-VULN-0002 LAMA - Holocene changes in environment and climate, and history of human societies in Central Mediterranean as reflected by LAke and MArine records ANR-07-BLAN-0009 MISEEVA - Marine Inundation hazard exposure modelling and Social, Economic and Environmental Vulnerability Assessment in regard to global changes. ANR-07-VULN-0007 PREVASSEMBLE - Méthodes d'Ensemble pour l'Assimilation des Observations et la Prévision en Météorologie et Océanographie ANR-08-COSI-0012 VODA - Assimilation variationnelle de données pour des applications océaniques multi-echelles ANR-08-COSI-0016 PALEOMED - Géoarchéologie et mobilité des paléo-environnements des ports antiques en Méditerranée ANR-09-BLAN-0323 RETRO - Response of tropical Atlantic surface and intermediate waters to changes in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation ANR-09-BLAN-0347 ADAGE - Modèles adjoints d'écoulement de la glace pour l'assimilation de données en glaciologie ANR-09-SYSC-0001 eLIFE2 - Environnements de la vie primitive terrestre - 2 ANR-10-BLAN-0602 METRO - "Modulation d’ENSO par la variabilité intrasaisonnière dans le Pacifique tropical et impact du changement climatique" ANR-10-BLAN-0616 GREENLAND - Groenland vert ANR-10-CEPL-0008 ICOP - "Impact des interactions Fe-Cu sur le phytoplancton océanique" ANR-10-JCJC-0606 IODA-MED - Observation et Assimilation de Données:: Des systèmes Innovants pour les événements météorologiques intenses en MEDiterranée ANR-11-BS56-0005 SUBGLACIOR - Sonde in-situ pour explorer la glace profonde polaire et le couplage entre climat et forçage orbital ANR-11-BS56-0019 MONOPOL - Paléo-variabilité de la mousson indienne ANR-11-BS56-0024 WaveSIMM - Etude de la banquise par analyse des ondes sismiques ANR-11-BS56-0028 RHOMEO - Bactéries à protéorhodopsines dans l’environnement marin ANR-11-BSV7-0021 PULSATION - Simulation multi-échelle couplée océan-atmosphère sur calculateur peta scale ANR-11-MONU-0010 CalHis - Histoire de la calcification en milieu pélagique depuis 300 ans ANR-12-BS06-0007 SAF-MED - Formation des aérosols secondaires en méditerranée ANR-12-BS06-0013 EXCITING - Explorer la structure tri-dimensionnelle de la circulation d’overturning de l’Océan Austral, et son impact sur le puits de carbone océanique ANR-12-PDOC-0001 BRISK - Lier les connaissances scientifiques et celles des peuples autochtones sur les changements arctiques: sociétés, vulnérabilités et adaptation. ANR-12-SENV-0005 ECODEV - Dynamiques éco-évolutives en temps anciens ANR-13-BSV7-0005 AFTER - Après la fin : la reconstruction des communautés marines durant la rediversification du Trias inférieur. ANR-13-JS06-0001 SEAS - Evolution de la glace marine pendant l'été Arctique ANR-13-JS09-0010 MORDICUS - Oscillations et rétroactions climatiques aux échelles décennales : mécanismes, sensibilité et incertitudes ANR-13-SENV-0002 OUTPACE - Sequestration océanique du CO2 et fixation d’azote atmosphérique dans l'océan oligotrophe (campagne océanographique OUTPACE). ANR-14-CE01-0007 SunRISE - Flux sédimentaires, turbidité et intégrité des fonds pour la Stratégie pour le Milieu Marin ANR-14-CE01-0016 Photo-Phyto - Effets du réchauffement climatique sur le déclenchement des blooms phytoplanctoniques marins : photoperiodisme, composition et adaptation ANR-14-CE02-0018 SPICy - Système de prévision des inondations côtières et fluviales en contexte cyclonique ANR-14-CE03-0013 GEOMFLUID - Intégrateurs géométriques en dynamique des fluides et élasticité ANR-14-CE23-0002 CLIMATRisk - SENTIMENT DE VULNERABILITE ET STRATEGIES D’ADAPTATION FACE AUX EFFETS DU CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE. Le cas de la perception des risques côtiers ANR-15-CE03-0002 STORISK - Les petites îles face au changement climatique: vers des trajectoires de risque et d'adaptation ANR-15-CE03-0003 INTOCC - Traceurs Innovants du Cycle Cenozoïque de Carbone ANR-15-CE31-0013 OCEAN-15 - Ecologie Chimique chez le Dinoflagellé Ostreopsis et son Réseau Allélopathique ANR-15-CE35-0002 TURBIDENT - Identification des paramètres de modèle de fermeture turbulente des codes de circulation pour la couche de surface. ANR-16-ASTR-0019 GEODESIE - Assimilation de données géodésiques et estimation de références pour l'étude du changement climatique ANR-16-CE01-0001 iMonsoon - Forçages et rétroactions de la mousson dans un climat chaud ANR-16-CE01-0004 COCOA - Méthodes mathématiquement et physiquement consistantes pour le couplage océan-atmosphère ANR-16-CE01-0007 PHYTOMET - Étude métallomique du phytoplancton: effet de l'acidification des océans sur la séquestration du fer ANR-16-CE01-0008 SOBUMS - Comprendre la réponse du cycle du carbone dans l'océan austral au stress climatique ANR-16-CE01-0014 AMOR - Reconstruction modèle-données des climats du Cénozoique ANR-16-CE31-0020 CARCLIM - Les coccolithophoridés : acteurs et enregistreurs des changements climatiques ANR-17-CE01-0004 DELTA - Les deltas sous l'impact du changement global ANR-17-CE03-0001 Co-Cli-Serv - Co-development of place-based climate services for action ANR-17-ERA4-0003 CoCliME - Co-development of Climate services for adaptation to changing Marine Ecosystems ANR-17-ERA4-0005 MATRAC - Modélisation Atmosphérique pour la Transmission des Rayonnements en Atmosphère Cotière ANR-18-ASTR-0002 MOVINDELTAS - Les Deltas asiatiques comme champ d'observation et de recherche sur les Migrations et les stratégies d'adaptation au changement climatique ANR-18-MRS1-0009 ANR-PROCCOPE - PROcessus du changement climatique, COntraintes des climats du PassE ANR-18-MRS1-0022 MEDIATION - Methodological developments for a robust and efficient digital twin of the ocean ANR-22-POCE-0003 TROCODYN - Tropical Cyclone activity and upper-ocean Dynamics ANR-17-MPGA-0018 ARCHANGE - Changement climatique et Arctique et circulation océanique globale ANR-18-MPGA-0001 GYPTIS - GeodYnamic PerTubations of clImate Signals ANR-19-MPGA-0007 ISBlue - Interdisciplinary Graduate School for the Blue planet ANR-17-EURE-0015 CONTACTS - Turbulence homogène de l'océan pour les simulateurs climatiques ANR-18-MPGA-0002 IPSL-CGS - IPSL Climate graduate school ANR-17-EURE-0006 TESS - Toulouse Graduate School of Earth and Space Sciences ANR-18-EURE-0018 Plan d’évolution des moyens de stockage - Plan d’évolution des moyens de stockage ANR-17-EQPX-0001 RISCCi - Risks and Uncertainties under Climate Change ANR-17-MPGA-0016 L-IPSL - LabEx Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL): Understand climate and anticipate future changes ANR-10-LABX-0018 OTMed - Objectif Terre : Bassin Méditerranéen ANR-11-LABX-0061 PRATO - Achieving the Paris Agreement Temperature Targets after Overshoot ANR-19-MPGA-0008 CLIMCOR - Carottage Paleoclimatique: Haute résolution et Innovations ANR-11-EQPX-0009 TULIP - Towards a Unified theory of biotic Interactions: the roLe of environmental ANR-10-LABX-0041 IDEX BORDEAUX - Initiative d’excellence de l’Université de Bordeaux ANR-10-IDEX-0003 IDEGLACE - Impact de Décharges d'Eau douce provenant de la GLace continentale sur le Climat Européen et méditerranéen ANR-05-BLAN-0310 PEPS - Peru Ecosystem Projection Scenarios ANR-08-VULN-0007 SAMOC - Rôle de l’Atlantique Sud dans la circulation globale de l’océan et le climat ANR-11-IS56-0004 MICA - Mesure de l'Intensité des Cyclones par des Aéroclippers ANR-19-ASTR-0011 BRAISE - Reconstruction des surfaces brulées à partir des particules de microcharbon préservées dans le sédiment marin ANR-19-CE01-0001 MEDLEY - Hétérogénéité de la couche mélangée océanique ANR-19-JPOC-0001 CE2COAST - Downscaling Climate and Ocean Change to Services: Thresholds and Opportunities ANR-19-JPOC-0002 COAST - Coastal OceAn SusTainability in Changing Climate ANR-20-BFOC-0001 MULTI-FRAME - Assessment Framework for successful development of viable ocean multi-use systems ANR-20-BFOC-0002 CARBCOMP - Modulation du CO2 par la compensation des carbonates du dernier glaciaire aux océans du futur ANR-20-CE01-0017 T-REX - nouveaux challenges pour la prédiction des extremes et sa validation ANR-20-CE40-0025 PANTERA - Taux de dénudation passés en Afrique Tropicale ANR-21-CE01-0013 MARCARA - Variabilité de l'âge radiocarbone du réservoir marin et ses implications en paléocéanographie, paléoclimatologie et géochronologie ANR-21-CE01-0023 LAGOON - Simulation globale des marées de tempêtes océaniques à grande échelle ANR-21-CE46-0004 HERCULES - Modèle pHysique du dEtroit de GibRaltar: Cas réaliste sUr la PLateformE CorioliS ANR-22-ASTR-0005 ModITO - Modélisation des Ondes Internes Océaniques ANR-22-CE01-0006 CLIMS - Crises climatiques décryptées par un grain de sel ANR-22-CE01-0020 PelagoAdapt - Mécanismes moléculaires de l’acclimatation et de l’adaptation du phytoplancton Pelagomonas calceolata aux changements environnementaux ANR-22-CE20-0012 REPLICA - Informations probabilistes artificielles pour le système océans/climat ANR-22-CE56-0004 ITCH - Cyclicité des paléoclimats et de l’évolution du plancton : un test intégré de l’hypothèse climatique ANR-22-EDIR-0003 BIOSWOT - Quel est l'impact des fines échelles océaniques sur la diversité du phytoplancton? ANR-23-CE01-0027List of projects
1 CDOM-DOC relationship in contrasted coastal waters: implication for DOC retrieval from ocean color remote sensing observation. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.23.000033
2 Temporal variability of carbon recycling in coastal sediments influenced by rivers: assessing the impact of flood inputs in the Rhône River prodelta. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-1187-2010
3 The Congolobe project, a multidisciplinary study of Congo deep-sea fan lobe complex: Overview of methods, strategies, observations and sampling. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.05.006
4 Poleward expansion of the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbt110
5 Carbon Dioxide Concentration Mechanisms in Natural Populations of Marine Diatoms: Insights From Tara Oceans. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.657821
6 Copper and iron metabolism in Ostreococcus tauri – the role of phytotransferrin, plastocyanin and a chloroplast copper-transporting ATPase. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9mt00078j
7 Physiological adaptation of the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima under copper starvation. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.105995
8 Effects of light and phosphorus on summer DMS dynamics in subtropical waters using a global ocean biogeochemical model. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en14265
9 Surface-water iron supplies in the Southern Ocean sustained by deep winter mixing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2101
10 The role of submesoscale currents in structuring marine ecosystems. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-07059-3
11 Diversity of Arctic Pelagic Bacteria with an emphasis on photoheterotrophs: a review. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-3309-2014
12 Iron budgets for three distinct biogeochemical sites around the Kerguelen Archipelago (Southern Ocean) during the natural fertilisation study, KEOPS-2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-4421-2015
13 Modified future diurnal variability of the global surface ocean CO2 system. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16514
14 Arctic Ocean annual high in pCO2 could shift from winter to summer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05205-y
15 Chemical Ecology of the Benthic Dinoflagellate Genus Ostreopsis: Review of Progress and Future Directions. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00498
16 The vulnerability of shellfish farmers to HAB events: An optimal matching analysis of closure decrees. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2020.101968
17 Carbon Cycle Response to Temperature Overshoot Beyond 2°C: An Analysis of CMIP6 Models. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2020ef001967
18 Consistency and Challenges in the Ocean Carbon Sink Estimate for the Global Carbon Budget. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.571720
19 Iron and copper limitations differently affect growth rates and photosynthetic and physiological parameters of the marine diatom Pseudo‐nitzschia delicatissima. http://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lo.2013.58.2.0613
20 New insights into the distributions of nitrogen fixation and diazotrophs revealed by high-resolution sensing and sampling methods. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41396-020-0703-6
21 Thermal stress reduces pocilloporid coral resilience to ocean acidification by impairing control over calcifying fluid chemistry. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aba9958
22 Differential global distribution of marine picocyanobacteria gene clusters reveals distinct niche-related adaptive strategies. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41396-023-01386-0
23 Biogeomorphology of the Mediterranean Posidonia oceanica seagrass meadows. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/esp.3932
24 Species better track climate warming in the oceans than on land. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41559-020-1198-2
