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In 15 years, the treatment of malaria patients by artemisinin derivatives (ARTs) associated with conventional antimalarial (Artemisinin-based Combination Therapy, ACT), lowered half of mortality in the endemic countries. However this historical progress is threatened by the recent decline in the eff
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an emerging zoonotic pathogen and the leading cause of enterically transmitted hepatitis worldwide. 4 genotypes of HEV (HEV-1 to HEV-4) are able to infect humans. Interestingly, genotypes HEV-3 and HEV-4 are zoonotic while the 2 others infect only humans (HEV-1 and HEV-2),
More than a century ago, the Nobel prize-winning scientist Paul Erlich predicted that pathogens subjected to drugs would evolve resistance. In the ensuing years, this worrying prediction has been proven to be true for a large number of pathogen-drug combinations. Today, drug resistance is both a ma
Spatial structuring, Treatments and the Evolutionary Epidemiology of Parasites – STEEP
Parasites are an acute threat to plant, animal and human populations. To effectively manage infectious diseases, we need to predict the evolution of critical parasite traits, such as transmission and virulence. Currently, we still lack most of the conceptual and theoretical background necessary to m
Ticks are the major arthropod vectors transmitting pathogenic agents to humans and domestic animals in Europe, and currently, the incidence of tick-borne disease is rising. The most common European human tick-borne disease is Lyme borreliosis, with an estimated 90 000 new cases every year (compared
Populations of the most important human malaria vectors in Africa offer instances of ongoing adaptations to new ecological niches set by human actions in the context of global change, with the dramatic consequence of emerging and re-emerging sustained malaria transmission in new spaces and times. He
Despite ongoing control efforts, mosquito-borne diseases have recently shown an increasing ability to spread to new geographic areas. Evaluating the risk of emergence and transmission of these diseases requires a good knowledge of the genetic and environmental contributions to pathogen transmission
Statistical Methods to Infer Transmissions of Infectious Diseases from deep sequencing data – SMITID
Viruses can cause epidemics of high impact in developing and developed countries alike. For such pathogens, inferring transmission links within a host population or between host populations (e.g. for zoonoses) is crucial to build epidemiological predictions and control strategies. In this aim, for f
Highly pathogenic avian Influenza viruses (HPAIV) cause devastating outbreaks in poultry associated with huge economic losses due to the high level of mortality and the imposed trade limitations. These HPAIV also represent a significant risk to human health, as some HPAIV are able to cross the speci
Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus, an invasive mosquito species with its origins in the forested areas of Southeast Asia, has recently spread across the world including in Europe and Central Africa. Ae. albopictus supports the development and transmission of numerous arboviruses under laboratory conditio
Mycobacterium tuberculosis has evolved to be among the most deadly human pathogens, estimated to infect one-third of the world’s population, and causing 9 million new tuberculosis cases and more than 1.5 million deaths per year. In contrast, strains of Mycobacterium canettii that also can cause huma
Host-associated microbes, collectively known as the host microbiota, have manifold effects on host biology. Like other animals, insects establish various symbiotic associations with their microbial communities that shape their individual phenotype and fitness. In particular, the native gut bacteria