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It is generally thought that in its earliest times the Earth was largely molten, owing to the enormous energy associated with its formation. On the basis of lunar observations, it has been proposed that the upper few hundreds of km of the mantle were initially liquid, forming what is commonly called

The NIKA2Sky project has made it possible to start the scientific exploitation of the NIKA2 camera mounted on the IRAM 30-m telescope. This is a new generation instrument for millimeter astronomy, following the major results obtained with the Planck and Herschel satellites NIKA2 allows us to observe

Boosted jets have attracted a lot of attention over the last few years and are already used at the LHC. However, the current state of the art is mostly empirical, in that jet substructure techniques are studied using simulated Monte Carlo events. This presents several fundamental limitations. The o

Millions of Europeans live on land formed by the Alpine orogeny and are affected by its topography, geology and associated natural hazards. The Alps have been intensely studied by geologists for more than a century, and they provide a unique natural laboratory to advance our understanding of orogene

The internal structure of the giant planets of the solar system is poorly known. The presence of a rocky core inside Jupiter, for instance, is still subject to debate, with important consequences for the formation scenario of the Solar System, but also for our understanding of the structure and comp

At million-year timescales, geodynamic processes control atmospheric contents of CO2 and other greenhouse gases, which regulate temperature at the Earth's surface. However the relative importance of these processes in determining atmospheric CO2 levels remains unclear. Some authors emphasize the imp

Our research project is designed to transform the exquisite Gaia parallaxes into a highly accurate Cepheid distance scale (period-luminosity relation, also known as the Leavitt law) as soon as they are released. There is currently no competitive substitute for Cepheids as primary distance indicators

Recent measurements performed in the neutrino sector by reactor and accelerator experiments have opened the possibility to measure the neutrino mass hierarchy (NMH)– a parameter yet unknown- by studying the energy (in the GeV domain) and the direction of atmospheric neutrinos with deep-underwater/ic

Cosmic-ray (re)acceleration in superbubbles : Galaxies are complex ecosystems composed of stars and an interstellar medium filled with magnetized gas, dust, and high-energy particles called cosmic rays. These constituents jointly evolve according to their mutual interactions. A century-long standi

The goal of the project CRADLE (Chondrite Recipe from Accretion Disk modeling and Laboratory Experiments) is to attempt for the first time to (i) assemble observations and analyses made with an unprecedented resolution of several primitive chondritic meteorites and (ii) develop in parallel a numeric

Our global objective is to build an integrated and innovative set of methods to identify micro- and macro-fossils for which morphology alone is not diagnostic, and apply these methods to fundamental questions concerning the early evolution of life on Earth, and one of its major consequence: atmosphe

Although we are hoping for direct signs of new physics, it is certain that current bounds on new physics that can couple significantly to the Higgs boson present new challenges for understanding the mass of the Higgs, whatever new discoveries may or may not be made. The aim of this proposal is then

Magnetic helicity is one of the few conserved quantities in Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), the physical paradigm in which are commonly studied solar active regions. Preliminary theoretical, numerical and observational results seem to indicate that magnetic helicity likely plays a key role in solar acti

We propose a 42-month project at the frontier between space physics and plasma physics, based on the scientific exploitation of in situ measurement from the ESA’s exploratory space mission Rosetta, to investigate the structure, evolution and dynamics of the ionised environment of a comet. Rosett

With the second Gaia data release, and data from complementary spectroscopic surveys, we will be able to reconstruct the orbits of several millions stars in the Galaxy, to have detailed chemical abundances for some hundred thousands and ages for several thousands. The tremendous amount of data that

Few field theories have the property of being integrable. Their study has nevertheless proved to be of great importance for theoretical physics. The reason is that integrability allows the use of specific techniques in order to obtain exact results. This property has been widely used in recent years

The application of S-MIF was hampered by conflicting observations between whole rock (chemical extraction and fluorination of sulfur and low-resolution gas mass spectrometry analysis, ~10 laboratories worldwide) and in-situ analyses (high-resolution in-situ ion probe analysis, ~5 laboratories) measu

Mexico is a very rich archaeological area, with also abundance of recent volcanic material. However Mexican secular variation curve remains patchy and not in agreement with predictions of global models. Are the models too smoothed to fit nicely the Mexican data or is there a bias with the Mexican pa

The question of the origin of life is a long standing one, the answer to which requires the consideration of concepts from many disciplines including biology, chemistry, astrophysics, and the Earth and Planetary sciences. The aim of this proposal wasn’t to solve the whole issue of the origin of life

The main challenges of the project are: - Operate a large volume detector at 10 bars gas pressure - Reach stable detector operation at high gas gains - Achieve very-low energy threshold better than 100 eV - Measure the quenching factor at low ion energies (sub-keV) - Volume calibration using a